You have most likely heard the mantra, “The easiest way to make better photos: photograph your subjects against a clean background.”

They may even say, “99% of photos fail because the background is messy.”

I am here to tell you they are right and wrong. For the beginning photographer, it is much easier to simplify a background than to take a complex and cluttered background and make it work.

What my mentor Don Rutledge taught me was that backgrounds give context.

A clean background makes the subject pop out, but where are they? What are they doing?

Don taught me that it is a matter of composing to make sense of a scene and waiting for the “moment.”

Depth-of-field—is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image. Most photographers use a shallow depth-of-field to clean up their background.

The closer you get to something and the wider the aperture, the shallower the depth-of-field. Also, you are removing context.

You see, it is seeing all those people’s faces behind this man that helps give more context to this photo.

Seeing all the people in the background and their expressions helps photos many times.

Don had the patience and ability to see everything inside the frame. He taught many photographers how to see the edges and everything in between.

I think the background helps make many of Don’s photos. Had he followed the advice you hear about simplifying the background, he would have never been the communicator he was.

The background and everything around a subject can give context to a moment.

Without the woman in the background with the nurse’s hat on, you might not get from the photo that this photo has something to do with healthcare.

Don’t go out and shoot everything to include background. Clean backgrounds have their place.

I am writing this because I see the demise of ASMP and NPPA. While they may survive, I do think they have lost their luster.

These are just some of my observations on why associations struggle today. I think a timetable of events in the past 20 years has eroded the benefits of belonging to a professional photography association, especially when those memberships start at $150 to $335 per year.

Photojournalism History

The purpose of a professional association is to further a particular profession, those that work in the job, and the public interests.

Photojournalism in America took off in what many would call the Golden age of Photojournalism with the invention of Leica 35mm camera in 1925 and the flash bulb in 1927. This era would be from about 1930s to the 1960s.

The size of this camera made it so easy to go just about anywhere and create pictures. The flash allowed you to take photos where there was no light.

Taking advantage of this new technology, magazines like Life, Sports Illustrated, and Paris Match published photos that, before this time, the public would have never seen.

It was during this time, specifically from 1940 to 1950, that the National Press Photographers Association and American Society of Media Photographers were formed.

NPPA was formed more around the advancement of photojournalism. So it was heavily focused on education and contests to help its members grow in their skills and raise the industry standards regarding the quality of photojournalism produced in newspapers. Most of the members were staff photographers.

ASMP was formed by a small group of New York City photographers working with magazines. They began to address their common issues: lack of credit lines, unauthorized reproduction of their images, and uncredited copying of photos by illustrators and artists. They also were hoping to raise the rates for pay. Most of the members were freelancers.

I joined NPPA in 1985 when I was working for the Hickory Daily Record as a staff photojournalist and am still a member. In 1987 I joined ASMP (American Society of Magazine Photographers) while working on The Commission Magazine.

Around 2005 NPPA realized that more and more members were freelancers and started doing more on business practices.

Internet & Social Media Impacts Associations

I remember getting my first Radio Shack computer in 1988. It would be the turning point of my skill set in the future.

I was becoming familiar with all the resources my computer brought me from all over the world. I joined CompuServe, the first primary commercial online service provider in the United States. It dominated the field during the 1980s and remained a significant influence through the mid-1990s. At its peak in the early 1990s, it was known for its online chat system & message forums. NPPA had one of those forums.

Mosaic is the web browser that popularized the World Wide Web and the Internet. It was introduced in 1993 and was the first browser to display images inline with text instead of in a separate window.

Microsoft licensing Mosaic to create Internet Explorer in 1995 was the real take-off point for websites.

Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University in California.

Facebook would be available to the public in 2006.

The introduction of the iPhone in 2007 was the turning point in the history of communications that now people could be connected 24/7 to the internet and changed the volume of internet users, websites, social media, and more connectivity to the world to a whole new level. People always had their phones no matter where they were, which would use them to connect and help organize their lives and work.

Instagram launched in October 2010 exclusively on Apple products. By 2016 it was available on all platforms.

The Perfect Storm

Before Mosaic, introduced in 1995, the only way for journalists to be published was through the traditional gatekeepers of printed publications. Now with minimal cost (internet access), one could publish content and reach not just readers of a printed magazine but the entire world. At least all who had access to the internet.

One such person in our industry to do this and become a rock star was David Hobby. He created The Strobist, where he shared tips for using flash. While it cost him almost nothing to publish, it also costs nothing to get his content.

Thousands would do the same on almost any topic you could imagine. Those who produced the best content were getting huge followers, and then the advertisers followed, helping to support those content providers with funds if they could advertise on their platforms.

Once someone had access to the internet, they could become a content creator or just a consumer of the content.

Right around the introduction of the iPhone, the number of users on the internet began to explode. As the numbers went up, so too were going down for many associations.

NPPA & ASMP core educational content offerings were no longer as valuable when all this content was being offered for free in other places on the internet.

Once Facebook helped people come together and create groups, websites like Classmates.com lost their base. Why pay to find your high school classmates when Facebook offers a way to find them for free and organize your class in a Facebook Group.

Now through social media, Facebook Groups were replacing the need for Associations. The best thing that NPPA & ASMP do is to create groups on the Social Media Platforms for their members. Facebook was offering a better solution for connecting than most associations.

What is left for Associations to offer

The one place NPPA has put all its eggs is in Advocacy. Most everything else they offer you can get online for free.

It was ASMP in 1973 that got the Copyright office to change that all images were copyrighted without being registered.

The purpose of copyright registration is to place on record a verifiable account of the date and content of the work in question, so that in the event of a legal claim, or case of infringement or plagiarism, the copyright owner can produce a copy of the work from an official government source. Registration remains a prerequisite to filing an infringement suit, and also because important remedies depend on prompt registration—such as attorney’s fees and statutory damages. [Wikipedia]

Now one of the worst things to happen to the profession of photography is the devaluation of photography, which occurred because new technologies [internet] made it possible for good photographs made by inexperienced professionals to flood the market. Get lots of photographers who don’t know about pricing producing work for clients who have lots more options from which to choose, and things go south fast. In other words, it’s a buyer’s market.

So, the problem we have now is that even if you can change how copyright works, the price you can get for a stock image is so devalued that few can benefit as compared to the investment costs to make those images and put them on a cloud system for people to buy.

When registering images today with the copyright office, I find that the costs of $55 for 750 photos are no longer economically feasible to warrant.

The costs a few years ago were $35 for an unlimited number of images in a submission.

So, the copyright office has totally undermined all the legal advocacy work done in the past few years. It makes you wonder what you have been paying for when you are now worse off than ever in this profession regarding copyright protection.

Example of Advocacy that doesn’t benefit photojournalist

News outlets have greatly benefitted from cameras being allowed in the courtroom. Great examples are Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, OJ Simpson, and Casey Anthony, to name just a few.

NPPA advocacy often is to help get photojournalist access. However, NPPA members are never compensated more because they have paid out of their pockets to help those news outlets get the content that lines the pockets of those publishers.

In 1976 the National Labor Relations Board determined that ASMP was a group of independent contractors, not a union. Due to that decision, neither ASMP nor NPPA can help its members set industry prices.

Today both ASMP and NPPA have social media groups for their members and still produce educational resources, put on meetings for their members, and provide legal assistance.

How do they compete against the free offerings for groups on social media?

Membership requirements were the way that they distinguished themselves.

ASMP requirements for a Professional Membership are reserved for still and motion photographers of good moral character and reputation who have been actively and consistently engaged in professional practice for at least three years. There are other categories for membership.

NPPA requirements – working or aspiring towards working in visual journalism.

Those membership requirements have been lowered in how they verify your qualifications due to their desperate need for members to support the organizations.

My recommendations

If you are new to photojournalism and need to learn how to make better photos, then NPPA is excellent. Their contests and education programs are all about learning the craft.

If you are in business for yourself and not on staff, then you should join ASMP. This organization will do more to help you navigate how to make a living, and all their education and workshops do an excellent job of helping you run a successful business.

For those starting, you may need both.

My wish these past few years was that these two organizations could combine. They are different and yet also have so much in common. Sadly NPPA turned down ASMP’s offer to do just that.

I have never been to a wedding where something doesn’t go to plan. Because of the constant changing of schedules during a wedding, photographers must go with the flow on the wedding day.

It is almost impossible for a photographer to work alone for today’s weddings. If you are smart, you don’t look for anyone to help you. You find someone better than you in some way.

Laura Espeut is one of the best photographers I know; her personality is so wonderful. Her ability to help communicate her concepts to get the best possible photos with people is incredible. She also does an excellent job shooting creative images.

If you are looking for a photographer to shoot your wedding, you will likely have two photographers. If you ask them about the second shooter, see if they brag about them. I always brag about Laura.

Laura knows that photography is all about emotions on the wedding day. So she is coaching the bridal party to be sure those emotions are right on the surface for the photos.

She is also aware that if you are not capturing an expression, you need to make the light and composition create an emotion.

Having someone like Laura helps me relax as much as possible as a wedding shooter. I can problem solve the changing light scenarios throughout the day. If things are not going to plan, you often cannot count on natural light to stay constant for you during a wedding.

The one thing that is so difficult to deal with in photography is the natural light. Sometimes it is so incredible for a photo you have to capture it as it is. However, this photo of the groomsmen is when I was fighting with the light. I used an on-camera flash to help with the shadows. It just wasn’t working well.

I quickly realized that photo wasn’t so good with the harsh shadows. I moved the guys but the sun to their back and used the flash to ensure I was getting good light on their faces. Remember, remarkable wedding photos are first about capturing expressions.

During the wedding, I alternate between camera bodies and lenses. I shot a couple of ways in this photo of the groom saying his vows to the bride. The most significant difference is with and without flash. The first one is without flash.

I think the flash helped a lot in the second photo you see. The expression was better on the first one, but I hope you get my point of how a flash on a sunny day can help overcome the harsh shadows around the eyes from the sun overhead.

Carl House, the venue for the wedding, had a back porch perfect for natural light photos. I prefer overshooting with flashes and waiting for them to recycle between flashes. Expressions on faces don’t wait for flashes.

So the porch had beautiful light pouring in, and none was direct. This created a massive soft box effect for the posed photos.

While I would have preferred having the green background, I had already discovered how difficult it would be to do group photos in direct sunlight.

The best way to describe what light I look for outside for weddings is the shadow side of a building. This is where the sun isn’t shining directly on the subjects, but rather the big sky creates a giant softbox. It is often called an open shade.

When I have to shoot in the direct sunlight, as here with the wedding party all waiting for the bride, I use a flash to help open up those shadows.

I have been teaching some form of photography my entire career. Each time I teach, I discover one more thing that can be tweaked and improved. Often I come up with a new way to communicate a concept.

The longer I am in this profession, the more I am still learning. This blog post on Narrative Storytelling was prompted by my students taking Intro to Photojournalism at The Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communications, University of Georgia.

“If you want to be a better photographer stand in front of more interesting stuff”

– Jim Richardson

So how do you find more interesting stuff? How do you find exciting stories?

I have found there are two main ways I have seen stories. Often it is just by meeting someone and hearing their story. It could be someone behind the counter of a business I am visiting or someone who sits beside me on the plane.

The other way I have found stories is when I have an audience in mind. Often this is a client that I am working with on other projects. They tell you what they are working on and then my mind starts trying to solve their problem by finding stories to speak for them.

No matter how you discover some great stories, there is one place you must start–THE AUDIENCE.

To help you get your head around what I am talking about, just think of you going on the trip of your lifetime. You come home and want to tell your parents. You first get your mom by herself and tell her about your trip. Then later, you and dad have some time together, and you tell him about your trip.

Are they interested in the same things? Most people will tell a different story because they have other interests.

When I say know your audience, I am saying know their story. Now, newspapers and magazines I worked with often had a fictitious family they created based on their audience research.

My uncle Knolan Benfield, pictured above, told me one of the best stories that changed my photography and storytelling for the better.

Knolan had taken his wife’s [my aunt] grandmother to the beach in North Carolina. She was pretty old at the time, and he tells how he watched her walk into the ocean for the very first time in her life. She had never gone to the beach in the 80+ years of her life. She had never traveled much more than 50 miles from her home most of her life.

Knolan said that moment sealed into his memory what he was doing with his camera when working on stories. He was taking people to places they would often never see in their life. He was responsible for making those visuals as strong as possible to transport them through his lens to the site.

A good storyteller must always have their audience in mind. The biggest mistake many storytellers make is telling a story because it means a lot to them, and they never consider the audience. You might do pretty well with this method, and I have seen many make a career doing this, but seldom are they, great storytellers. Great storytellers move the heads and hearts of their audience and not just their own.

We visit the location during a pre-trip when we put together a Storytellers Abroad Missions Multimedia Workshop. During this time, we meet with the missionaries. We do a mini-workshop with them on storytelling and then ask them to help identify people for stories.

We talk to them about the audience; the other key thing is what they want to accomplish with the stories.

Typically, they need a building. Can you do a video helping promote our building need? This is where we always have to educate them that we have not to devise a solution for the audience but rather establish the need with them.

What can’t you do right now because you don’t have a building? After multiple questions and chasing tangents, we have them understand how telling the story of someone they impacted by sharing that story helps lay the foundation to show they need a facility to help more people like the person of the story.

When it comes to telling a story for an NGO, this is much different than photojournalism storytelling. We want the audience to take action and even build in a call to action at the end of the story.

In journalism, we inform them; sometimes, it is more entertainment in feature storytelling, and sometimes the stories are meant to tell before an election. The journalist isn’t trying to sway your vote but educate the public on the facts.

With nonprofit work, I am more of an advocate than a journalist.

Once you have identified a person as the story’s subject, you will need to interview them and spend enough time discovering their story. I recommend using the narrative story arch as something to help guide you.

Now in nonfiction, there should be a point to your story. In fiction, you don’t necessarily need to have some moral of the story for it to be effective.

As you work on your story, always remember what you plan to share and what parts of the diagram they play in the story.

You’ve probably heard the phrase, “Show, don’t tell.” While you might be thinking of me talking here about the visuals, I am talking about all of it. When someone tells their story by taking you to the day of the big event from which everything in the story revolves around, the more the person talks in a way to paint a picture, too does a much better job than just the facts.

“The most important things to remember about backstory are that (a) everyone has a history and (b) most of it isn’t very interesting. Stick to the parts that are, and don’t get carried away with the rest.”

Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft

Keep the Exposition short. When giving us the background, we need some, but that doesn’t mean we need to know every detail. What is the key takeaway from all your research that the audience needs to know to have some context for the “big event”? Then creatively tell what is necessary only to do that.

“Squirrel”

In the movie UP, there is one repeated humor of these dogs: no matter how focused they are on doing something, if they see a squirrel, they stop in their tracks and then go and chase it.

Too many storytellers do this in telling their stories. The character mentions something that isn’t necessary to the report but is so good they can’t let it go.

Once you have your parts of the story and a narrative, you are ALMOST ready to start. I am talking about those using audio/video to capture the person’s account.

Use Vivid Details, Not Lots of Facts

Ask the subject to take you to the moment when something happened. Get them to tell you how it felt at that moment. Remind them to help you understand how it felt then because now they may look back and know things would get better, but at the moment, they may have felt hopeless or overjoyed.

Once you have heard all the parts of the story that you know you will use, and they move your head and heart, you can sit down for the formal on-camera audio/video recording of their story.

You can ask questions to help them tell their story, but most of the time, you will just prompt them. You might say to them that the other day when we were talking, you shared this moment you experienced. Can you share that again?

One thing before I start, I tell them their story as I understand it. I ask whether I have your story correct and if it is OK with you. If something needs to be corrected for accuracy, this is when I do it. Once they agree on what I think the story is and how I told it, that is really what I am now trying to get them to say. I have summarized all those conversations I had to dig into and get the story. I have done some editing in my mind and distilled it to the parts that help tell the story. You will find the rest of this super easy if you do this in 90 to 120 seconds for most accounts.

Take Control

Because you have done the diagram and remember all the parts you want to capture, keep your subject on topic. Don’t let them expound, and now make your content longer.

I have had to ask them to repeat their answer and say your first response was 2 minutes; I am looking for a couple of sentences. You said this … and then when you started on this part, leave that out. That is just going into more detail than needed right now. You want to remind them of what we agreed were the key points we are sticking with for their story.

Call to Action

When I tell stories for organizations and not journalism, I have a call to action. Now that you have heard this story, you can learn more, get involved, or give money to support this organization as they help more people like the person you just heard about.

After the Interview

I will spend time talking with the subject about their schedule. What is happening with them so I can come along and capture video/stills to add to the story? The additions are to be shown while they are telling their story.

For this blog post, I will not go into visual storytelling.

The Hook

One thing you need for a video is the first 8 to 10 seconds need a teaser. The easiest way I have found is to find the most shocking thing subject says and use this. Be sure it doesn’t give away the story.

Hopefully, you have a better idea of how important it is to identify a story for an audience and how important it is for you to have done all the research and preinterview so that when you hit record, you are ready to capture the story and not discover it.

“The advanced level is the mastery of the basics.”

Ray Mancini

So often, we think that getting to the next level and doing that one more incredible thing will be what makes us more successful.

A Champion ensures they eliminate ALL sources of error or potential problems. The all-time greatest Basketball Coach John Wooden would teach ALL his recruits how to tie their shoelaces as part of their initiation because, in his words, “the last thing I want is to lose a point because your shoelaces come. Untied at the worst possible moment.”

I love teaching so much. I like to know I am helping someone else achieve their dreams. I also love teaching because it has made me better at my craft.

When you teach, you have to return to the basics, and when students hand in work that isn’t what it should be, you re-examine what you taught. It is this process that made me realize that it is just elementary concepts done well that are the things that make someone look outstanding.

My daughter found her passion in high school for theater. She loves all aspects of the theater. She enjoys working on sets, costumes, lighting, dancing, acting, and singing.

When you love doing something, you want to do more. My daughter has impressed those at the school because when she works on a play and finishes something, she asks the leadership, “What else can I do?”.

My daughter is learning that just doing what you are asked to do and doing it on time makes her a standout at Columbus State University.

“Enthusiasm is the mother of effort, and without it nothing great was ever achieved.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Many students I teach in Intro to Photojournalism are just taking this to check off a requirement for graduation.

The sad thing to me is those complaining the most about their grades often put in the least effort.

I have a News Event Package assignment where they must cover News Event and turn in three to five photos that captures the event with captions. Now in the software, I can see the time codes of the camera.

While reviewing the work, I noticed that many looked like minimal effort was being put into this assignment. It looked like one student had gone to a parade, stood still, took a few photos, and left.

I then pulled up the time code of the photos. The photos turned in were all taken in less than four minutes.

“Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.”

John Wooden

Covering a News Event usually takes about two to four hours. Once you have captured the event, it usually takes no more than an hour to edit the photos and turn them in.

One student had waited to cover an event that started at 6:00 pm, and the assignment was due at 8:00 pm. They didn’t have many action shots of the event because it didn’t start on time, and the student had to leave early to make the deadline.

They were upset when I said it was lazy to wait until the last minute. Now even the dictionary says lazy is “moving slowly.”

Do you want to get better? If so, the best thing you can do is revisit the basics of your job.

Here are some basics for every job that might help:

1. Never Be Late – Start on time and Close on time

“I have learned one thing. As Woody says, ‘Showing up is 80 percent of life.’ Sometimes it’s easier to hide home in bed. I’ve done both.”

Woody Allen

2. Seek knowledge, not results

“Education is not just about going to school and getting a degree. It’s about widening your knowledge and absorbing the truth about life.”

Shakuntala Devi

3. Improve Your Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence refers to understanding, utilizing, and reasoning with emotions. Emotionally intelligent people can understand not only their feelings but those of others.

4. Focus on Intrinsic Motivations

Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, engaging in conduct arises from within the individual because it naturally satisfies you.

5. Don’t compare your own life to other peoples’ lives

Rather than comparing yourself with people who are “better off” than you, think about all of the people who are homeless, chronically ill, or living in poverty. This will help you appreciate what you have rather than feel sorry for yourself. Try engaging in volunteer work to help make this more apparent. 

6. Count your blessings

No matter how much you achieve in life, you will always feel unhappy if you constantly focus on what you don’t have. Instead, devote time every day to appreciating the things you do have. Think beyond material items; appreciate your loved ones and cherish happy memories.

The first thing we need to address is setting your camera when shooting video. Your camera’s options for video can limit your choices. Also, please remember that the higher the resolution and frame rate, the more powerful computer you will need with even more free space for editing.

Resolution

Full HD – 1920×1080 is now a common setting on newer DSLRs 

High Definition (HD) – 1280×720, an efficient balance between broadcast quality and storage space / render time. ESPN broadcasts in this setting.

Other HiDef DSLR settings – 2K, 4K, and 6K DSLR video resolutions are available but overkill for web distribution channels. Great to shoot in and then downsize when you export a project. 

Frame Rate

• • 60 FPS – use for a slow motion effect 
  • 30 FPS – Standard video “look.” 
  • 24 FPS – Cinematic “look” that is used in motion pictures 

While there are many other resolutions like 2K, 4K, 6K, and even 8K, I believe they are overkill for web distribution. Even my friend Ben Smallbone whose credits include the movies: Priceless, Taken, and Steve McQueen: American Icon, to name a few of his movies told me that when it came to distributing their films to movie houses all over the country, they said not to give them anything bigger than 2K.

There are two resolutions in the video, just as there are two resolutions with stills. You have the 1) capture setting and the 2) exported resolution.

While you can shoot at 4k for similar reasons you would shoot RAW, your computer must be top of the line to process the 4K files. Unless you want to crop in on your video in post-production, I believe there is little to gain for the average project to shoot higher than the Blue Ray Full HD 1920×1080 resolution.

Frame Rate – I recommend 24 Frames per Second

Here is a good video showing why 24 fps is an industry standard for movies.

24 FPS is the Cinematic Look that is used in motion pictures. There are reasons to shoot other FPS, and one worth mentioning is to shoot super high rate to slow down for that “Slow Motion” effect.

Shutter Speed – I recommend 1/48 or 1/50

As a rule of thumb, you want the denominator of your shutter speed to be approximately double the number of frames per second that you are recording. For example, when shooting at 25fps, your shutter speed should be 1/50 of a second. If you have the 24fps and do not have a 1/48, then pick the closest frame rate, like 1/50 or 1/60.

Manual Mode – Shoot this rather than Aperture, Shutter or Program mode

If anything on the camera is automatic, your exposure can change when something changes in the frame, like your subject moves a little. The camera may think the lighting has changed, and it hasn’t. Shoot manual mode and manual focus as well.

Look – use Neutral

You can pick a picture color mode in the video, just like stills. There are modes on most cameras like Standard, Vivid, Monochrome, Portrait, and Neutral. If your camera doesn’t have a Neutral setting, then pick Standard.

When we cover your post-production, you can do more with a Neutral setting than with Vivid. More on that in later posts on making videos with your DSLR.

AUDIO RECORDING SETTINGS

Watch this video if you own a Canon to set your audio levels

Watch this video if you own a Nikon. While this is Nikon D7100, you need to find the menu item on your Nikon. Very similar.

You want to have your recording levels set manually and not automatic for the same reasons for the video. When someone stops talking, the Auto level will increase the volume and introduce noise.

Most levels on cameras or a separate recording device like the Zoom Digital Audio Recorders have a way to show you it is too loud.

Most video editors agree that the overall audio level of your audio mix (all of your audio combined) should be normalized between -10db to -20db. I level my videos around -12db with occasional peaks to -8db.

What this means for me on my Nikon D5 is I want the level to peak right up to the last line before it goes red. I have a person talk for a while and then set the sound recording level before recording.

I recommend doing a test video for sound. Set your video settings to get good exposure and audio levels for good sound. Record 30 seconds to a minute and then download to your computer and play using Quicktime or other video software that came with your computer.

For testing, sound play something on your computer like the music you downloaded. After setting your speakers for proper volume when listening to your music, play your video. You must change your recording levels if you have to adjust the volume to hear the recording. The biggest problem is if it is too quiet or if too loud and giving you distortion.

Headphone Volume

Be very careful that you are not using the headphone volume as a way to see if the audio level is set correctly. Use the levels for audio the same way you use a histogram. Once you put those levels, adjust your headphone volume to where you can hear adequately.

PICKING A LOCATION TO DO AN INTERVIEW

When picking a location, you need to pay attention to two things: 1) Sound in the location and 2) lighting/visual.

I recommend turning on your microphone, putting your headphones on, and listening to the environment. Are you trying to do an interview next to a waterfall or water fountain? That will prove to be difficult to impossible.

Finding a quiet location would be “ideal,” but not always possible.

Make finding the perfect location weighs sound quality over visual.

When doing an interview, you need to do a few things every time.

FILL THE FRAME

When doing an interview, you must carefully choose good composition and background. Pay attention to everything inside the frame.

Get tight on the person you are interviewing.

KILL THE NOISE

Once you put the microphone in place and have your headphones on, you can hear all the ambient sounds. This is where everyone is quiet for a moment while you listen.

Let’s say you hear the ceiling fan or the air conditioner running. I would turn these off for the interview.

Move to a quiet location if you cannot turn off something like a waterfall or water fountain.

STEADY THE CAMERA

Use a tripod or put the camera on a table. Just keep your primary camera for the interview still. If you have a second camera to use, you can maybe put that camera on a slider or fluid head that will let you move the camera during the interview.

I believe you always need one locked camera on a tripod for the interview.

LIGHT THE SUBJECT

I suggest finding a great place with light, so you don’t have to use lights. I find the open shade on the side of a building works as well as porches, as you see in these two photos of interviews we were doing in Togo, West Africa.

AUDIO IS KING

There are times for different microphones, just as for additional lenses. You need to know the difference between a lapel, camera & shotgun microphone.

SHARPNESS IS QUEEN

Sharp focus is critical. I advise against shooting ƒ/1.4 for video unless this is your second camera perspective. Have a depth-of-field that is forgiving if the person moves during the interview.

Use manual focus and not Auto-Focus.

LOCK DOWN THE LENS

Don’t zoom in and out on your primary camera. You can do some of this with a second camera, but be sure at least one camera is locked down, and you have a solid framed shot that is in focus and has enough depth-of-field that the person can move a little and still be in the direction.

Scoring a touchdown is about knowing where your goals are in the game.

Before the football team steps onto the field, they will practice for many months together. When they execute a play, they know what they are doing and trying to accomplish to win the game.

Before you turn the camera on and start your interview, you must practice. You need to interview your subject, and from what you learn, you formulate your questions so that the responses help convince the audience of what you want them to know, just as a lawyer does to convince a jury of what they want them to learn about their client.

You do not want to sit down, turn the camera on, ask the subject, “What is your story?” and expect them to give you a brief, well-thought-out presentation.

GET TO KNOW YOUR SUBJECT

Even before you sit down and talk to the subject for the first time, do all the research you can on the subject. Sometimes there have been other interviews with the person you can read or watch.

Other than learning about the subject being the person, learn all you can about the story’s topic. If they are a coffee farmer, then learn all you can talk about coffee.

The more you know, the better questions you will ask. I like to say you are peeling an onion. Each question gets you closer to the core of the onion.

You are not just asking questions to find out everything about the subject. You are trying to find the thread that will keep someone interested in them as you reveal more and more about them to the audience.

The Bourne films are a series of action spy thriller movies based on the character Jason Bourne, a CIA assassin suffering from extreme memory loss who must figure out who he is.

To keep the audience’s attention and pull them into your story, you may often hold out on the juicy part of the story towards the end as they did in the Jason Bourne movies.

YOUR GOAL

You know you are ready for the on-camera interview when you have your storyline figured out from your informal discussions.

Like a lawyer who calls witnesses and interviews them to reveal in their own words the content that will help build the storyline so that the jury has no choice but to make the right call. Like a lawyer, you may need to put different people on the witness stand to help build your story.

Now it is pretty standard that even when you have done all your homework, in the camera interview, subjects can surprise you with new content that improves or even complicates the story.

Be flexible and be sure you are listening to what they are saying.

Ideally, it would be great if someone could tell you what you need and leave out all those trails that lead nowhere. I have found time and time again that towards the end, I have asked them to summarize what we just talked about, and they often, in one take, say precisely what I need.

You see it can be just like the football game. The players have practiced so many times that often the coach just calls the play and you get the touchdown.

TWO CAMERAS

When I do my interviews, I always try to use two cameras. There are many benefits like:

• Backup of the interview if one camera fails.
• Different looks using a slightly wide shot and a tight shot
• Helps with editing

Let me talk briefly about how much two cameras can help with editing. Almost all the time, you need to edit someone’s comments. This means you cut something out, and when you do it, the person’s head will jump on the video and give us the telltale sign that you just cut something.

Now, if you have two cameras, you can switch camera angles, and it doesn’t tip the audience that you cut something. It will just look like you went to a different angle.

Now, if you have a slightly wider shot that includes the hands when the person is quite talkative with their hands and not just their mouth, it is good to include them.

Besides cutting out a long comment that doesn’t add to the storyline, there are times you need to rearrange their remarks. Maybe the last thing they said would make the most substantial lead for the story.

Again having that second camera lets you change angles, and it will look like they started with this thought.

In the end, you will help the subject sound more coherent and look like this was just a straight take and more accessible for the audience to absorb.

REASONS TO REDO THE INTERVIEW

The first time you interview someone, tell them you may need to come back the next day or two for a second interview.

Unless you are a seasoned pro, most people will not catch everything happening in real-time and will notice missing information during the post-processing editing time.

If this happens, I highly recommend having the subject redo the parts that you liked for several reasons.

• They often have changed clothes
• Matching the lighting and camera angles is difficult
• Matching the sound can be difficult as well

You may even want to play the video parts you liked and have them rehearse a few times before you redo them. I have found that often the person realizes they can even say it better now that they have heard themselves.

I must tell you this funny story about a seasoned photographer learning to do a video for the first time. He thought of locations he wanted to use as the background for his subject’s interview.

We realized that we failed to tell people to do their interviews in one place while teaching. While in a still photo, that would make sense to show your subject in the different locations, when it came time for editing, the sound didn’t match, the lighting was so different, and when you finished editing the content and put the takes in the logical order of how it best told the story the guy was jumping all over the city back and forth.

It was so funny. Just imagine the evening news where it was the same person instead of going to Washington to listen to the correspondent there and then to the West Coast correspondent or maybe an East Coast correspondent. That was what it looked like.

If you do an excellent job with the interview and have a well-thought-out storyline told by the subjects, you should be pleased with the results. If this is all the audience saw and heard, it will work.

One strategy for editing almost any type of production is to do a “radio” edit. Focusing your cuts and the assembly of your timeline on the dialog [AUDIO] places the story’s content as the highest priority.

Once you have this done, you will work on getting visuals to supplement the audio—more on that in the next part of Shooting Video with your DSLR.

SOME MORE TECHNICAL TIPS

I recommend a magnifier for your LCD. It would help if you were sure your shot was in focus.

Another option is using a video monitor. The advantage of an external monitor is not just a bigger picture for focusing and exposure control, but with some monitors like this Atomos Ninja Blade 5″ HDMI On-Camera Monitor & Recorder is recording for more extended periods than the time limits on most DSLR cameras. You are only limited to the size of the hard drive you use.

Atomos Ninja Blade 5″ PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS

Key Features
– 325DPI, 5″ IPS 1280 x 720 capacitive touchscreen monitor/recorder.
– Waveform RGB & luma parade, vectorscope with zoom, and test pattern generator.
– Adjustable gamma, contrast and brightness.
– HDMI input and output.
– Real-time monitoring, playback, playout to a PC or Mac with QuickTime, and edit logging.
– Focus peaking, 0-100% zebra, and two modes of false color monitoring.
– Records 10-bit, 4:2:2 in ProRes or DNxHD.
– S-Log / C-Log recording.
– Trigger REC/STOP from camera (Canon, Sony, ARRI, Panasonic, RED, JVC)
– Timecode from camera. [Nikon has no timecode]
– 2.5″ HDD/SSD media storage.

It records up to 1080 30p/60i resolution via HDMI to an available HDD or SSD using either Apple’s ProRes or Avid’s DNxHD codecs. Recording at 10-bit with 4:2:2 color sampling, this unit provides a monitoring and recording solution in one compact battery-powered unit.

ADOBE PREMIERE PRO CC TIPS

Before opening Premiere, create these folders inside one folder on your computer or external hard drive.

Open Premier and choose NEW PROJECT 

1. Name your project: PREMIERE_EDIT_rev_01 putting it in the folder you created called “Premiere Edits.” 

2. Scratch Disks tab – Using the 6 Browse… buttons, point each of the six sources to the Project Folders you created using a screenshot on the next slide

These are suggestions for what to put on each track. Storytellers Abroad use this as our format to make it easier when a coach sits with a person working on the story. We are all using a similar setup. Helps cut down on confusion.

These are the export settings we use as well.

To add text to a project, click on the Type tool in blue to the left.

Then click on the picture in the Program Window on the video and start typing.

You can drag the type to where you want and if you want to make modifications to the class, go to the top menu bar to Windows>Essential Graphics.

This is how you gain access to change your Font, Size, Color, and things like drop shadow and more.

Select all the interview Audio only. Then go to the Essential Sound and click on Dialogue. This will tell the software that this is the Dialogue, not ambient sound or music. This will now be the most important sound in the video.

There are now four selections within the Essential Sound for the Audio Interview, which the software is now called Dialogue.

When you click on the word Loudness, Repair, Clarity, or Creative, it opens up more controls.

Click on Loudness and then click on Auto-Match. It will set all the volumes for the interview to the standards.

Listen to the interview now. If you have problems with noise, air conditioner hum, or something else, then click on “Repair” and try each option here one at a time. Go with the default at first and then stop if that is good for repair. If not, use the slider to see if less or more can help. If either work, then you can stop again. If not, unclick that option and try the next.

Often you have to play with all of these in some combination to clean up the sound. There are ways to do more, but this usually fixes the most common issues.

Now pick the music or ambient sound and click on either music or ambient sound. When you do, you can then select “Ducking.”

When you click on it, be sure you have the Dialogue icon highlighted. This will say to the software this is the most critical sound, which is your interview.

Click on Generate Keyframes.

Then play the sequence. How does that sound? Does the music or ambient sound not overpower the interview? Is it OK or too loud or soft?

Play with the Sensitivity, Reduce By & Fades to tweak this to your preference. Then click on Generate Keyframes. Do this over and over until satisfied.

Some great tips I have found through the years.

Keyboard Short Cuts

Keyboard Shortcuts Used: (Cmd for all Ctrl on Mac)

Arrow Keys – Navigate Timeline One Frame at a Time
Shift + Arrow Keys – Navigate Timeline 5 Frames at a Time
Up, Down Arrow – Jump to beginning and end of clip
Ctrl+K – Cut at current playhead
D – Select clip at current playhead
Del – Delete Selected Clip
Shift + Del – Delete Selected Clip, and Bring Forward Clips back
I,O – Set in and Out Points Respectively
; – Delete Selection With In and Out Points
‘ – Delete Selection With In and Out Points, and Bring forward Clips Back
Shift + T – Go in to Edit “Edit Point” Mode
Edit Mode + Ctrl + Arrow Key – Move the edit point backwards or forwards
Ctrl + R – Speed and Duration on Selected Clip
G – Audio Gain on Selected Clip
J,K,L – Shuttle through timeline Backwards, Stop, and Forwards Respectively

Be sure the Sequence has a blue line around the box. The go-to File>Export>Media

The above picture will show up but with Black Background. Copy these fields:

• Format: H.264
• Preset: Vimeo 1080p Full HD

Double Click on Output name. Put in the Export Out folder you created with Your Name.

Click on Export at the bottom.

https://youtu.be/ZhHG4f-9MBY

How to Create Captions and Subtitles in Adobe Premiere Pro CC (2018)

1. Create a new caption by going up to file->new->caption.
2. Choose whether you want closed captions, CEA-608/CEA-708/Teletext, or open captions.
3. Click on the program monitor captions and drag them to the sequence.
4. Drag caption over to sequence
5. To edit, open up a captions panel. If it’s not open, go up to Window->Captions.
6. Click on the Captions in the sequence. Go where it says “type caption text here” and enter it.
7. Type in some text from the audio of the video.
8. You can adjust the font up next to Font.
9. You can increase the size from the Size number.
10. To remove the background, we will go up to the opacity droplet and reduce the droplet to 0. Make sure the background is selected in the three options to the left.
11. To add an edge, you must first go up to the top right and increase the edge.
12. You can then come back and click on the edge switch and go to the color square to increase it.
13. You can align the caption with the X and Y markers above the text.
14. Now we can align the caption with the audio. To do this, go to the timeline where the caption is placed. There will be a black bar with the text near the bottom of this layer. Drag the end to where the audio for that caption ends.
15. When your next audio starts, click the plus button and type in your following set caption; drag the caption line to where the audio stops.
16. Repeat by clicking the plus sign and adding additional captions to your audio.

There you have it. That is how you create captions and subtitles in Adobe Premiere Pro. Now all you have to do is render your footage, and you will be ready to go!

Storytellers Lukas Benson and Nate McClain were a team from Cedarville University. During spring break, they went to Trinidad to learn how to tell a multimedia story of missions.

They did their story on the founder of Turning Point Drug & Family Resource Centre, Lennox Boodram.

We learned about how important food is to Lenox. It was the one thing that helped get him the help he needed at a terrible time in his life. He would work as a dishwasher in a five-star restaurant in the United States. This is where he learned what he could from the chefs.

Listen to the story that they captured of Lennox.

We have openings in our upcoming trip to the Storytellers Abroad Multimedia Missions Workshop. Click on the link to learn more.

If you want to take your group on a workshop as Cedarville University did with Storytellers Abroad, write to me, and let’s plan a workshop.

Lane Yoder and Nathan Hiser took their first Storytellers Abroad Multimedia Missions Workshop in Trinidad with other Cedarville University students during their Spring Break.

Storytellers Lane Yoder and Nathan Hiser tell Ashmir Mohammad’s fantastic story of transformation. Ashmir grew up in a Muslim family in St. Augustine, Trinidad, where he continues to live with his wife and kids.

Listen and watch the story of Ashmir Mohammad that Nathan and Lane captured.

Come with us to our next workshop. Check out the Storytellers Abroad website to learn more about our workshops.

Hannah Dunlap took her second workshop in Trinidad with Storytellers Abroad Multimedia Missions Workshop. Her first trip was to the Balkans two years ago.

Hannah captured Reeanna’s story; it is best to see her video here.

Come and join us at our next workshop. Go to the website to learn more. Http://StorytellersAbroad.com

Carrie Bergan & Sarah Slater worked as a team of storytellers during our Storytellers Abroad Multimedia Missions Workshop to Trinidad.

Watch the story they captured about Felisha.

When I started my first newspaper job with the Hickory Daily Record in 1984, I loved the prime lenses that I carried.

My parents were generous and helped equip me with the first camera kit I used daily.

2 – Nikon FM2
24mm ƒ/2.8
35mm ƒ/1.4
85mm ƒ/1.8
180mm ƒ/2.8
300mm ƒ/4
80-200mm ƒ/4

However, airlines often limit the weight you can carry when traveling internationally. So, I have been working around this using a zoom lens, which means I can take fewer lenses but cover a more comprehensive focal length range.

I wrote recently about how the Nikon 28-300mm paired with the Nikon D5 works when traveling and covering sports. On my most recent trip to Trinidad, I knew we would have a chance to photograph the Scarlet Ibis at the Caroni Swamp. Due to the weight, I didn’t want to carry my Sigma 120-300mm ƒ/2.8 and 2x converter, so I brought the Nikon 28-300mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 on my new mirrorless Nikon Z6.

If I were going to Trinidad to photograph the birds for a job where the client needed great photos, I would have brought the Sigma 300-800mm F5.6 EX DG APO HSM.

The Sigma 24-105mm f/4 lens is usually perfect for my shooting needs. I love shooting wide at 24mm. I captured the students during class times with the Storytellers Abroad Multimedia Workshop.

At the same time, I like to zoom in to 105mm and take some photos. I like having a lens that lets me capture things near me, like in a room setting, and the Sigma 24-105mm is perfect for this.

I love photographing the food I eat when I travel. Here, I am showing the exceptional food that Lennox was making for us to enjoy.

Combine those lenses with the Nikon Z6; you have a small kit to cover most of your travels. The only thing I would add to the equipment is a super-wide-angle lens if I knew I would be inside and needed to capture something I could not back up and get.

Now, when I teach these workshops, I do not focus on shooting; instead, I am there to equip the students with the skills they need to capture a story.

I am shooting mainly to capture the experience of those going through the workshop. I love to blog about it and give insights into what I observe and learn each time.

If you want to see how well it shoots video, I shot some quick files with the Nikon Z6 and Sigma 24-105mm f/4 handheld using the camera’s microphone.

More photos were taken with the Nikon Z6 and Sigma 24-105mm f/4 Art Lens.